Electronic News

2014-01-03

Money talks when ancient Antioch meets Google Earth

Jan. 2, 2014 — There's a map of an ancient Syrian trade route that shows how one city's political sway extended farther than once thought.

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This map isn't a time-worn and mysterious etching on a stone tablet. Turns out it's easily found on a different type of tablet -- the kind with apps.

With the swipe of a finger, the University of Cincinnati's Kristina Neumann can zoom along the boundaries of ancient Antioch during the beginning of Roman takeover thanks to the modern cartography of Google Earth software. The simplicity with which she flicks across the Middle Eastern landscape belies the depth of information available at her fingertips and the effort that's gone into her research.

"I trace the process of change by working with historical proxies, in this case coins," says Neumann, a doctoral candidate in the McMicken College of Arts & Sciences Department of Classics. "I created my own database from previously published excavation reports and lists of coin hoards, and imported it to Google Earth. My criteria are so detailed that I can see all the coins for a particular emperor or of a particular material."

She hopes this visual, interactive way of presenting the ancient world inspires other historians to get more creative in today's "there's an app for that" world.

"I'm trying to help historians think outside the box," Neumann says. "There's a huge movement in the digital humanities in general, and this research speaks to that. Using tools such as Google Earth to visualize the ancient world could also have ramifications for how we look at data today."

The University of Cincinnati's Kristina Neumann uses Google Earth in her research on ancient Antioch.

Neumann will present her research "Using Google Earth to Visualize an Ancient City's Influence: Roman Antioch" at the Archaeological Institute of America and American Philological Association Joint Annual Meeting to be held Jan. 2-5 in Chicago. The meeting attracts more than 3,000 international attendees to share news and ideas among the top archaeological and classical scholars.

In ancient times, much like now, authorities determined which foreign currency was accepted in a community. For Neumann, this made coins an ideal representation of a political relationship among cities. For example, if lots of Antiochene coins were discovered in a neighboring city, it's likely a political agreement existed between the two governments.

Coins were also a data-rich resource for Neumann. In addition to tracking where the coins were found, she cataloged critical information about a coin -- such as when it was minted and under whose authority it was made -- that has been derived from the images and inscriptions imprinted on it. Other artifacts, like pottery, were less likely to have such identifiers.

Neumann uses Google Earth to convert the vast information in her coin database into a visual representation of Antioch's political borders. She analyzes how the software plots which coins were found where and in what quantity across different historic time periods. This way she can follow the transformation of Antioch's political influence as it was absorbed by the Roman empire.

She has found Antioch's civic coins were spread farther out than previously theorized, and they were particularly abundant along a known trade route. Neumann can scan centuries of change in seconds with Google Earth to show the overall contraction of Antioch's political authority but also its continued and evolving influence in selected regions and cities -- and eventually its greater integration within the empire.

Google Earth allows Kristina Neumann to track change in Antioch as it was absorbed by the Roman Empire.

"I'm very interested in the idea of empire -- physical empires, but also empires similar to what America has with its cultural and informational empires, and the idea of globalization," Neumann says. "My bigger question is, 'How do you get one empire which absorbs a lot of different people and yet lasts so long? How is stability achieved even with vast diversity?' I think that can speak to today's society with the culture changes we're seeing."

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No scrounging for scraps: Research uncovers diets of middle, lower class in Pompeii

Steven Ellis, a University of Cincinnati associate professor of classics, will present these discoveries on Jan. 4, at the joint annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) and American Philological Association (APA) in Chicago.

UC teams of archaeologists have spent more than a decade at two city blocks within a non-elite district in the Roman city of Pompeii, which was buried under a volcano in 79 AD. The excavations are uncovering the earlier use of buildings that would have dated back to the 6th century.

Ellis says the excavation is producing a complete archaeological analysis of homes, shops and businesses at a forgotten area inside one of the busiest gates of Pompeii, the Porta Stabia.

The area covers 10 separate building plots and a total of 20 shop fronts, most of which served food and drink. The waste that was examined included collections from drains as well as 10 latrines and cesspits, which yielded mineralized and charred food waste coming from kitchens and excrement. Ellis says among the discoveries in the drains was an abundance of the remains of fully-processed foods, especially grains.

"The material from the drains revealed a range and quantity of materials to suggest a rather clear socio-economic distinction between the activities and consumption habits of each property, which were otherwise indistinguishable hospitality businesses," says Ellis. Findings revealed foods that would have been inexpensive and widely available, such as grains, fruits, nuts, olives, lentils, local fish and chicken eggs, as well as minimal cuts of more expensive meat and salted fish from Spain. Waste from neighboring drains would also turn up less of a variety of foods, revealing a socioeconomic distinction between neighbors.

A drain from a central property revealed a richer variety of foods as well as imports from outside Italy, such as shellfish, sea urchin and even delicacies including the butchered leg joint of a giraffe.

"That the bone represents the height of exotic food is underscored by the fact that this is thought to be the only giraffe bone ever recorded from an archaeological excavation in Roman Italy," says Ellis. "How part of the animal, butchered, came to be a kitchen scrap in a seemingly standard Pompeian restaurant not only speaks to long-distance trade in exotic and wild animals, but also something of the richness, variety and range of a non-elite diet."

Deposits also included exotic and imported spices, some from as far away as Indonesia.

Ellis adds that one of the deposits dates as far back as the 4th century, which he says is a particularly valuable discovery, since few other ritual deposits survived from that early stage in the development of Pompeii.

"The ultimate aim of our research is to reveal the structural and social relationships over time between working-class Pompeian households, as well as to determine the role that sub-elites played in the shaping of the city, and to register their response to city-and Mediterranean-wide historical, political and economic developments. However, one of the larger datasets and themes of our research has been diet and the infrastructure of food consumption and food ways," says Ellis.

He adds that as a result of the discoveries, "The traditional vision of some mass of hapless lemmings -- scrounging for whatever they can pinch from the side of a street, or huddled around a bowl of gruel -- needs to be replaced by a higher fare and standard of living, at least for the urbanites in Pompeii.

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Business Fords solar-powered car

2014/01/02

Ford has brought out a solar-powered car.

The concept car, called C-MAX Solar Energi Concept, was developed by Ford, Sun Power and Georgia Tech.

Ford and Georgia Tech are to test out the concept car to see if it will be a feasible product for production.

The car is said to have a range of 620 miles including up to 21 electric-only miles.

The car can also be charged via a cord in the conventional way.

According to the US Environmental Protection Agency ratings based on its miles per gallon gasoline equivalent (MPGe) metric the car has a 108MPGe rating for city driving and a 92MPGe rating for highway driving.

SunPower provides the solar cells and Georgia Tech found a way to amplify the sunlight to make it practicable by developing an off-vehicle solar concentrator that uses a special Fresnel lens to direct sunlight to the solar cells while boosting the impact of the sunlight by a factor of eight.

Fresnel is a compact lens originally developed for use in lighthouses. Similar in concept to a magnifying glass, the patent-pending system tracks the sun as it moves from east to west, drawing enough power from the sun through the concentrator each day to equal a four-hour battery charge (8 kilowatts).

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Simulator recreates virtual taste online

Jan. 2, 2014 — Online viewing and listening are now staples of those who live the digital life. But online tasting? This may be happening sooner than one expects, with a simulator invented by an engineer with the Keio-NUS CUTE Center at NUS.

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The brainchild of Dr Nimesha Ranasinghe, Researcher at the Center who led the project, the digital device can recreate the taste of virtual food and drinks by non-invasive electrical and thermal stimulation of the tongue. This generates signals transmitted through a silver electrode touching the tip of the tongue to produce salty, sweet, sour and bitter sensations. By combining different levels of electrical currents and varying the temperature of the electrode, simulation of the tastes can be reproduced.

From experiments, sour, salty and bitter sensations were reported from electrical stimulation, while minty, spicy and sweet sensations were reported through thermal stimulation. The latter group represented minor sensations, requiring further work to intensify the tastes. The researchers qualified that the surveys were dependent on the responses of the subjects, which varied for different individuals.

This work has three novel aspects, said Dr Ranasinghe: the studying of the electronic simulation and control of taste sensations achievable through the Digital Taste Interface against the properties of current and change in temperature; the method of actuating taste sensations by electrical and thermal stimulation methods, either individually or in combination; and the aim of introducing a practical solution to implement virtual taste interactions in interactive computing systems.

The research team have developed taste-over-Internet protocol for taste messaging, a data format that facilitates the delivery of information on recreating the different tastes via the electrode.

Dr Ranasinghe said that a new reward system based on taste sensations in a gaming environment could be an early adopter of the simulator. As an illustration, if a gamer completes a task or level successfully, a sweet or minty dose will be rewarded. However, failure is delivered with a bitter taste.

The simulator could have healthcare applications. For instance, diabetics could use the device for a taste of sweetness without affecting their blood sugar levels. Cancer patients may be able to improve their dulled sense of taste during chemotherapy with the electrode.

However, the four major tastes form only part of the flavour equation. Smell and texture play key roles, which the researchers want to add on for the full tasting experience.

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Odor receptors discovered in lungs: Just like ones in your nose but instead of conjuring up a cup of coffee they might make you cough

Unlike the receptors in your nose, which are located in the membranes of nerve cells, the ones in your lungs are in the membranes of neuroendocrine cells. Instead of sending nerve impulses to your brain that allow it to "perceive" the acrid smell of a burning cigarette somewhere in the vicinity, they trigger the flask-shaped neuroendocrine cells to dump hormones that make your airways constrict.

The newly discovered class of cells expressing olfactory receptors in human airways, called pulmonary neuroendocrine cells, or PNECs, were found by a team led by Yehuda Ben-Sharar, PhD, assistant professor of biology and medicine at Washington University in St. Louis, and including colleagues Steven L. Brody and Michael J. Holtzman of the Washington University School of Medicine, and Michel J. Welsh of the Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine at the University of Iowa.

"We forget," said Ben-Shahar, "that our body plan is a tube within a tube, so our lungs and our gut are open to the external environment. Although they're inside us, they're actually part of our external layer. So they constantly suffer environmental insults," he said, "and it makes sense that we evolved mechanisms to protect ourselves."

In other words, the PNECs, described in the March issue of the American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, are sentinels, guards whose job it is to exclude irritating or toxic chemicals.

The cells might be responsible for the chemical hypersensitivity that characterizes respiratory diseases, such chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. Patients with these diseases are told to avoid traffic fumes, pungent odors, perfumes and similar irritants, which can trigger airway constriction and breathing difficulties.

The odor receptors on the cells, might be a therapeutic target, Ben-Shahar suggests. By blocking them, it might be possible to prevent some attacks, allowing people to cut down on the use of steroids or bronchodilators.

Every breath you take

When a mammal inhales, volatile chemicals flow over two patches of specialized epithelial tissue high up in the nasal passages. These patches are rich in nerve cells with specialized odorant-binding molecules embedded in their membranes.

If a chemical docks on one of these receptors, the neuron fires, sending impulses along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb in the brain, where the signal is integrated with those from hundreds of other similar cells to conjure the scent of old leather or dried lavender.

Aware that airway diseases are characterized by hypersensitivity to volatile stimuli, Ben-Shahar and his colleagues realized that the lungs, like the nose, must have some means of detecting inhaled chemicals.

Earlier a team at the University of Iowa, where Ben-Shahar was a postdoctoral research associate, had searched for genes expressed by patches of tissue from lung transplant donors. They found a group of ciliated cells that express bitter taste receptors. When offending substances were detected, the cilia beat more strongly to sweep them out of the airway. This result was featured on the cover of the August 28, 2009 issue of Science.

But since people are sensitive to many inhaled substances, not just bitter ones, Ben-Shahar decided to look again. This time he found that these tissues also express odor receptors, not on ciliated cells but instead on neuroendocrine cells, flask-shaped cells that dump serotonin and various neuropeptides when they are stimulated.

This made sense. "When people with airway disease have pathological responses to odors, they're usually pretty fast and violent," said Ben-Shahar. "Patients suddenly shut down and can't breath and these cells may explain why."

Ben-Shahar stresses the differences between chemosensation in the nose and in the lung. The cells in the nose are neurons, he points out, each with a narrowly tuned receptor, and their signals must be woven together in the brain to interpret our odor environment.

The cells in the airways are secretory not neuronal cells and they may carry more than one receptor, so they are broadly tuned. Instead of sending nerve impulses to the brain, they flood local nerves and muscles with serotonin and neuropeptides. "They are possibly designed," he said, "to elicit a rapid, physiological response if you inhale something that is bad for you."

The different mechanisms explain why cognition plays a much stronger role in taste and smell than in coughing in response to an irritant. It is possible, for example, to develop a taste for beer. But nobody learns not to cough; the response is rapid and largely automatic.

The scientists suspect these pulmonary neuroscretory cells contribute to the hypersensitivity of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) to airborne irritants. COPD is a group of diseases including emphysema that are characterized by coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness.

When the scientists looked at the airway tissues from patients with COPD they discovered that they had more of these neurosecretory cells than airway tissues from healthy donors.

Of mice and men

As a geneticist Ben-Shahar would like to go farther, knocking out genes to make sure that the derangement of neurosecretory cells isn't just correlated with airway diseases but instead suffices to produce it.

But there is a problem. "For example, a liver from a mouse and a liver from a human are pretty similar, they express the same types of cells. But the lungs from different mammalian species are often very different; you can see it at a glance," Ben-Shahar said.

"Clearly. "Ben-Shahar said, "primates have evolved distinct cell lineages and signaling systems for respiratory-specific functions. "

This makes it challenging to unravel the biomolecular mechanisms of respiratory diseases.

Still, he is hopeful that the PNEC pathways will provide targets for drugs that would better control asthma, COPD and other respiratory diseases. They would be welcome. There has been a steep rise in these diseases in the past few decades, treatment options have been limited, and there are no cures.

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Novel exfoliation method paves the way for two-dimensional materials to be used in printable photonics and electronics

This breakthrough, led by Professor Loh Kian Ping, who heads the Department of Chemistry at the NUS Faculty of Science, and is also a Principal Investigator with the Graphene Research Centre at the Faculty, has generic applicability to other two-dimensional chalcogenides, such as tungsten diselenide and titanium disulfide, and results in high yield exfoliation for all of these two-dimensional materials.

The NUS team collaborated with scientists from the Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in Korea, and the findings were first published online in scientific journal Nature Communications on 2 January 2014.

Demand for high efficiency exfoliation method

Transition metal dichalcogenides, formed by a combination of chalcogens, such as sulphur or selenium, and transition metals, such as molybdenum or tungsten, have recently attracted great attention as the next generation of two-dimensional materials due to their unique electronic and optical properties, for applications in optoelectronic devices such as thin film solars, photodetectors flexible logic circuits and sensors.

However, current processes of producing printable single layer chalcogenides take a long time and the yield is poor. The flakes produced are of submicron sizes, which make it challenging to isolate a single sheet for making electronic devices.

As most applications require clean and large-sized flakes, this pinpoints a clear need to explore new ways to make high quality single-layer transition metal dichalcogenides with high yield.

Breakthrough in production

To address the production bottleneck, the NUS team explored the metal adducts of naphthalene. They prepared naphthalenide adducts of lithium, sodium and potassium, and compared the exfoliation efficiency and quality of molybdenum disulfide generated. The processing steps are detailed in the Annex.

Using a two-step expansion and intercalation method, the researchers were able to produce high quality single-layer molybdenum disulfide sheets with unprecedentedly large flake size.

The researchers also demonstrated that the exfoliated molybdenum disulfide flakes can be made into a printable solution, and wafer-size films can be printed, as the good dispersion and high viscosity of the flakes render it highly suitable for inkjet printing.

In a comparative analysis, Dr Zheng Jian, the first author of the paper, who is also a Research Fellow with the Department of Chemistry at NUS Faculty of Science, found that the alkali metal naphthalenide intercalation method applied possesses significant advantages in comparison to the conventional method.

Commenting on the significance of the findings, Prof Loh said, "At present, there is a bottleneck in the development of solution-processed two dimensional chalcogenides. Our team has developed an alternative exfoliating agent using the organic salts of naphthalene and this new method is more efficient than previous solution-based methods. It can also be applied to other classes of two-dimensional chalcogenides."

"Considering the versatility of this method, it may be adopted as the new benchmark in exfoliation chemistry of two-dimensional chalcogenides," he added.

Further research into printable devices

The fast growing field of printed photonics, electronics and optoelectronics demands high material quality, precise material deposition, and application-specific optical, electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties.

To further their research and to cater to the industry, Prof Loh and his team will be looking at developing inks based on different types of two-dimensional chalcogenides exfoliated by their novel method so as to produce printable optoelectronic devices. They will also be testing the optical non-linear properties of the flakes they have produced.

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Business, Power Fords solar-powered car

2014/01/02

Ford C-MAX Solar Energi Concept Ford has brought out a solar-powered car.

The concept car, called C-MAX Solar Energi Concept, was developed by Ford, Sun Power and Georgia Tech.

Ford and Georgia Tech are to test out the concept car to see if it will be a feasible product for production.

The car is said to have a range of 620 miles including up to 21 electric-only miles.

The car can also be charged via a cord in the conventional way.

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2014-01-02

Business Samsung expected to have $220bn sales revenues

2014/01/02

Samsung shares Jan 2014 Samsung Electronics is expected to announce operating income of $37 billion on sales of $220 billion next week, reports Bloomberg.

Samsung Chairman Lee Kun Hee has, reportedly, told Samsung employees that they must seek to change the business and ‘give a bigger push to innovations’.

Lee told staff that they must think beyond the hardware.

Stock markets punished Samsung, forcing down the share price as investors assume Samsung is going to make cheaper handsets for emerging markets and so attract lower margins.

Image: Google Finance - Samsung Electronics

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Distribution Pi, 3D printing and PSoC4 kit winners of online awards

2014/01/02

PSoC4 module

The element14 Community website has announced the winners of its annual Member Awards in four categories: Product of the Year, Technology of the Year, Project of the Year and Member of the Year.

Chosen by members of the online community the winner in the category of Product of the Year was the Cypress PSoC4 Pioneer Kit.

Technology of the Year was a tie between single-board computers and 3D-printing, two technologies that have been featured in numerous element14 Community posts and blogs and have grown in popularity throughout the year.

“Pi Camera in Space” won in the category of Project of the Year. Created by Dave Akerman, the project gives insight into the journey taken by a weather balloon and captured breathtaking images in the process.

The final category, Member of the Year, was awarded to Shabaz Yousaf.

A member since May 2011, Yousaf has produced 27 blogs to date which have been viewed nearly 94,000 times. He also regularly participates in discussions and comments on community content.

“Our Community fosters collaboration and knowledge sharing among more than 200,000 design engineers, and the annual Member Awards are a testament to the impact cooperative learning has on the industry,” said Dianne Kibbey, Global Head of Community at element14.

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Stress in the orchestra: mood plays a part

Dec. 30, 2013 — Even professional orchestra musicians suffer from particular stress on the day of the concert and release more cortisol. For the first time it has now been possible to demonstrate that, amongst others, the enzyme myeloperoxidase, which is regarded as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, plays a part in the stress reaction in musicians. This effect is however dampened by an emotional factor: this is because a good mood reduces the stress-induced release of myeloperoxidase.

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This is the core result of a current joint study carried out by the Institute for Occupational Medicine at the MedUni Vienna, the MedUni Vienna Biobank (KILM) and the Health and Prevention Centre belonging to the health scheme for the employees of the City of Vienna. Here people are hoping for new approaches in stress research. Meanwhile, at the New Year's Concert in a few days' time, the good mood and high spirits at the start of 2014 ought to have a stress-relieving effect.

The stress reactions in 47 musicians and the conductor of the Austrian radio symphony orchestra, the ORF, were examined at the dress rehearsal and on the following day, the day of the premier, at Vienna's Musikverein. Saliva and blood samples were taken for the purpose of producing a cortisol profile and to measure the myeloperoxidase, which plays a major role in inflammatory processes -- these were taken before and after each performance, as well as during the concert and rehearsal intervals.

More stress for the director and the first violins "The result is clear-cut," says Alexander Pilger from the MedUni's Institute for Occupational Medicine and Robert Winker from the KFA's Health and Prevention Centre. "In the acute stress situation on the day of the concert the myeloperoxidase increases just as clearly as does the overall release of cortisol." In this however -- as well as the inherent stress caused by appearing in front of an audience -- other factors also play a role: "The musicians in the first violins and the conductor had on average higher myeloperoxidase levels not only at the dress rehearsal but also in the concert than all the other musicians together."

And the better the mood the musicians were in according to their own self-assessment, the lower the stress-related rise in myeloperoxidase. And vice versa, the worse their mood, the higher the myeloperoxidase-release in comparison with the dress rehearsal. This trend was also observed with cortisol, but here the influence of the level of excitement played the more significant part.

"The general good mood cannot be explained by the 'dream job' of being an orchestral musician," qualifies Pilger. "Earlier studies have shown that even musicians suffer from boredom and monotony, comparable with other, less exposed occupations. Furthermore, the social stress caused by the orchestral hierarchy is very great.

As well as the biochemical and emotional factors, the factor of "general work ability" was also examined anonymously using the so-called Work Ability Index of the German WAI network with questions on the situation at work, health, previous illnesses and self-assessment of work ability. With the result, according to Pilger that: "Work ability played no role whatsoever with regard to the stress-induced effects observed here." Whether and to what extent these new results are also transferable to other stress situations in the world of work would have to be looked at in further investigations.

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Ancient traditions: Why we make new year resolutions

Dec. 30, 2013 — As many of us start to think about our New Year's resolutions (or breaking them), we may not realize that the tradition of making promises on the first day of the year is a custom started by our Roman ancestors.

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"Rome's highest officials made a resolution to remain loyal to the republic and swore oaths to the Emperor on 1st January," said Professor Richard Alston, from the Department of Classics at Royal Holloway University.

"A grand ceremony marked the occasion, where the Roman legions would parade and sacrifices were made on the Capitoline Hill. This annual event renewed the bonds between citizens, the state and the gods."

New Year's Day offered all Roman citizens an opportunity to reflect on the past and look to the year ahead. People would exchange sweet fruits and honey, greet each other with blessings for the coming year and the courts only worked in the mornings, so they had a half day holiday.

"On 1 January, our Roman ancestors celebrated Janus, the god of new beginnings who had two faces -- one looking into the past and another looking to the future," Professor Alston added. "Janus represented doors and thresholds and the Romans named the month of January in his honour.

"Janus also symbolized the values of home, family, friendship and civilization, and the doors of his temple were closed when Rome was at peace and thrown open in times of war, as if the god was no longer present. Just like we do today, we also know that the Romans celebrated a mid-winter festival in which they met with friends, exchanges gifts and had a good time before the start of the year ahead."

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